Analyze the electron-withdrawing effects of substituents and resonance stabilization of conjugate bases.

Rank compounds based on the electron-withdrawing and donating groups’ effects.

Final result: Acidic strength: ii < iii < iv < i.

Iodoform reaction detects RCOCH₃ or RCH(OH)CH₃ structures.

Propan-1-ol does not contain the required group.

It does not give the Iodoform test.

Decarboxylation of calcium acetate forms ketones during dry distillation.

Balanced equation: CH₃COO⁻Ca⁺ + CH₃COO⁻Ca⁺ → CH₃COCH₃.

Final result: Product = Propanone.

Prontosil converts to sulfanilamide in the body.

Sulfanilamide is an antibacterial active form.

Prontosil’s conversion occurs in vivo.

Hoffmann bromamide reaction occurs only with primary amides.

CH₃CONHCH₃ is a secondary amide and does not undergo the reaction.

Final result: CH₃CONHCH₃ does not undergo Hoffmann bromamide reaction.

Riboflavin (Vitamin B₂) deficiency causes cheilosis (cracked lips) and digestive disorders.

Role of Vitamin B₂: Prevents angular cheilitis and digestive issues.

Final result: Deficiency of Riboflavin (Vitamin B₂).

Boiling point increases with molar mass; CH₃Cl < CH₃Br < CH₂Br₂ < CHBr₃.

Order of boiling points: Chloromethane < Bromomethane < Dibromomethane < Bromoform.

Final result: iii < i < iv < ii.

Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body; Isoleucine must be obtained from diet.

Examples of essential amino acids: Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine, etc.

Final result: Isoleucine is an essential amino acid.

Oxidation of 2° alcohol gives ketone: CH₃CHOHCH₃ → CH₃COCH₃

Ketones form hydrazones with phenylhydrazine

Ketones don't give silver mirror test (Tollens)

CN⁻ acts as a nucleophile, attacking the ketone to form a cyanohydrin.

Reaction: R-CO-R + HCN → R-C(OH)(CN)-R (nucleophilic addition).

Final result: Reaction type = Nucleophilic addition.

Glycogen is a multi-branched polysaccharide of glucose, serving as energy storage in animals.

Structurally, glycogen is similar to amylopectin but more extensively branched, making it efficient for energy release.

Final result: Glycogen = extensively branched polysaccharide similar to amylopectin.

Adenosine = nucleoside formed by adenine + ribose sugar via glycosidic bond.

Confirm difference between nucleoside (sugar + base) and nucleotide (sugar + base + phosphate).

Final result: Adenosine is a nucleoside.

Identify tranquilizer structure (meprobamate)

Understand CNS depressant action

Compare with other drug classes

Write reduction equation: C₆H₅NO₂ → C₆H₅NH₂

Form isocyanide: C₆H₅NH₂ + CHCl₃ + 3KOH → C₆H₅NC + 3KCl + 3H₂O

Reduce to N-methylaniline: C₆H₅NC + 2H₂ → C₆H₅NHCH₃

Draw H-bonds between base pairs

Count H-bonds: A-T (2 H-bonds), G-C (3 H-bonds)

Verify complementary base pairing

Identify amide linkage (-CONH-)

Write formation reaction: nH₂N(CH₂)₆NH₂ + nHOOC(CH₂)₄COOH → [-NH(CH₂)₆NH-CO(CH₂)₄CO-]n + 2nH₂O

Compare with other polymer types

Identify reducing sugars

Understand aldehyde group oxidation in glucose

Write reaction with Fehling's solution: RCHO + 2Cu²⁺ + 5OH⁻ → RCOO⁻ + Cu₂O↓ + 3H₂O

Analyze natural rubber structure (cis-1,4-polyisoprene)

Compare with synthetic rubber structures

Note natural rubber has cis configuration only

List smog components

Check pollutants

Identify non-component

Write Cannizzaro reaction

Identify oxidation product

Identify reduction product

Dehydration occurs at specific temperature (140°C): C₂H₅OH + HOC₂H₅ → C₂H₅OC₂H₅ + H₂O

H₂SO₄ protonates one ethanol molecule to form ethyloxonium ion

SN² attack by second ethanol molecule forms ether

Compare antibiotics

Check mechanism

Identify bactericidal

Compare statements

Check detergent types

Find correct

Compare statements

Check vitamin effects

Find incorrect

Check degradability

Compare structures

Identify non-biodegradable

Consider catalyst role

Check polymerization type

Identify product

Check hormone composition

Identify iodine presence

Verify function

Check reducing agents

Compare conditions

Identify incorrect

Compare electron donation

Check alkyl effect

Order bases

Consider chain termination

Check end groups

Evaluate control

Compare substituent effects

Check acidic strength

Order compounds

Identify bond position

Check anomeric form

Determine linkage type

Consider coupling reaction

Check product structure

Identify dye type

Check chain structure

Consider branching

Evaluate density

Compare electron availability

Check resonance

Evaluate inductive effect

Identify the type of reaction (addition at α-carbon)

I₂/NaOH performs iodoform reaction with oxidation

Gives required product through haloform reaction

Identify Wurtz reaction

Consider coupling

Check product length

Check functional groups

Identify amide linkage

Consider polymerization

Identify nucleobases

Compare with RNA

Check base pairing

Check for α-hydrogen

Consider carbonyl group

Evaluate halogenation

Consider aromatic substitution

Check reactivity

Compare reaction rates

Consider ethanol's weak acidity

Na metal can react with OH group

Produces H₂ gas and sodium ethoxide

Consider effect of Cl on acid strength

Electron-withdrawing Cl increases acid strength

α-chloro acid is stronger than parent acid

Consider intermolecular forces

Fibrous proteins have hydrophobic interactions

These proteins are water insoluble

Compare number of alkyl groups

Consider steric hindrance to H-bonding

(CH₃)₃N has most alkyl groups, least H-bonding

Identify linkage between nucleotides

Phosphate forms two ester bonds

Forms backbone of nucleic acid structure

Check functional groups

Identify condensation

Compare monomers

Compare terms

Check interactions

Identify mismatch

Identify drug categories

Anti-histamines block histamine receptors

Bromopheneramine is specifically an antihistamine drug

Identify structure of polyisoprene

Natural rubber has cis-1,4 configuration of polyisoprene

Natural rubber is specifically cis-1,4-polyisoprene

Identify structure of each polymer

Count methylene (-CH₂-) groups in repeating units

Nylon 6 has exactly five methylene groups in its monomer unit

Identify functions of different vitamins

Vitamin K is essential for synthesis of prothrombin required for blood clotting

Vitamin K deficiency leads to delayed blood clotting

Identify function

Check structure

Compare additives

Compare structures

Check functional groups

Analyze forces

Check solubility

Identify water-soluble

Compare storage

Check bond types

Identify sugar units

Compare linkages

Identify structure

Check reactivity

Remember reagent

Identify hormone

Check function

Link to condition

Identify SN2 reactions

Check substrate types

Determine major products

Convert to alkene

Form borane adduct

Oxidize to alcohol

Check α-hydrogen

Compare reactivity

Identify inert compound

Compare carbocation stability

Check leaving groups

Determine rate determining step

Apply base pairing rules

Write complementary sequence

Check Watson-Crick pairs

Check for α-H

I₂/NaOH gives iodoform

Acidification gives acid

Check sugar structure

Identify chiral centers

Understand biomolecule structure

Recall polymer types

Match polymer-monomer pairs

Bakelite is phenol-formaldehyde polymer

Check reducing power

LiAlH₄ reduces acid to alcohol

Other reagents insufficient

PCC oxidizes primary alcohol to aldehyde

Aldehyde gives iodoform test

Primary alcohol is original compound

Consider mechanism

Apply Markovnikov/anti-Markovnikov rules

Peroxide effect with HBr

Understand nucleotide composition

Identify all components

Nucleotide has all three parts

Identify methyl ketone

Only pentan-2-one has CH₃CO- group

Iodoform test is positive for CH₃CO-

Identify amine types

Count H atoms replaced

R₂NH is secondary amine

Write hemiacetal formation

Further reaction with alcohol

Forms acetal

Identify α-hydrogen

Compare structures

Ethanoic acid has α-H, methanoic doesn't

Recall Kolbe-Schmitt reaction

Identify reactants

CO₂ reacts with sodium phenoxide

Write carbylamine reaction

Primary amine + CHCl₃ + KOH

Forms isocyanide (RNC)

Write structure of anisole

Consider cleavage of C-O bond

HI cleaves ether linkage

Identify binding site

Compare affinity

Check stability

Analyze location

Check function

Consider structure

Check structure

Consider degradability

Analyze bonds

Match symptoms

Verify functions

Connect effects

Compare drug types

Check structure

Verify properties

Consider hydrolysis products

Compare rotations

Analyze net effect

Identify amino acid

Check structure

Consider function

Reaction mechanism depends on the polarity and protic/aprotic nature of the solvent.

Classify solvent as polar protic (favoring SN1) or polar aprotic (favoring SN2).

Correct: SN1 or SN2 determined by solvent type.

PCC refers to pyridinium chlorochromate, a mild oxidizing agent used to oxidize alcohols to aldehydes or ketones.

Recognize PCC as a complex containing CrO₃, pyridine, and HCl.

PCC structure is pyridinium chlorochromate (C₅H₅NH⁺CrO₃Cl⁻).

Reaction involves dehydration of tertiary alcohol to form an alkene (major product).

Dehydration: tertiary alcohol loses water to form 2-methylpropene as the major alkene product.

Final product is 2-methylpropene (C₄H₈).

8.8 g alcohol reacts to produce 2240 cm³ ethane, indicating a primary alcohol (oxidized to aldehyde).

Use weight-volume relations to deduce molar mass and identity of alcohol.

Final alcohol is 2,2-dimethylpropan-1-ol (primary alcohol).

The hormone responsible is estradiol, which is a key estrogen in female reproductive development.

Recognize that estradiol contributes to female secondary sexual traits and the menstrual cycle.

Correct hormone is Estradiol.

Understand the conversion of C₂H₅Cl to C₂H₅F (by HgF₂), then to CH₂=CH₂ (dehydrohalogenation with alcoholic KOH), followed by Wurtz reaction.

Follow reaction mechanisms stepwise: halogen exchange → elimination → coupling via Wurtz reaction.

Reactions yield butane (C₄H₁₀) via Wurtz reaction.

α-D-(+)-glucose and β-D-(+)-glucose are anomers differing at the anomeric carbon (C1), where the –OH group orientation varies.

Both belong to the D-glucose family but differ in their C1 position (α/β).

Final result: They are Anomers.

Nucleotides in DNA and RNA are joined by phosphodiester bonds between the 3′ hydroxyl group of one sugar and the 5′ phosphate group of another.

Linkage ensures the formation of the sugar-phosphate backbone.

Final result: Linkage between nucleotides is Phosphodiester linkage.

Nylon 2–Nylon 6 is a biodegradable copolymer formed by condensation polymerization of Glycine and Aminocaproic acid.

Reaction: Glycine + Aminocaproic acid → Nylon 2–Nylon 6.

Final result: Biodegradable polymer is Nylon 2–Nylon 6.

Reaction involves diazotization of aniline, coupling with phenol, and further treatment with NaOH to form para-hydroxyazobenzene.

Diazotization: C₆H₅NH₂ → NaNO₂, dil. HCl → C₆H₅N₂Cl → coupling with phenol forms the desired product.

The final product is para-hydroxyazobenzene.

Terylene and Orlon are classified as synthetic fibers due to their high tensile strength and elasticity.

Starch is a natural polymer and does not behave as a fiber.

Final result: Polymers used as fibers are Terylene and Orlon.

Adrenaline and Ephedrine have secondary amines (-NH-) that increase blood pressure and act as stimulants.

Reaction mechanisms align with secondary amine reactivity in biochemistry.

Final result: Amino group is Secondary.