Complex ion with minimum CFSE (Crystal Field Stabilization Energy) is...
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CFSE = Weak field (Cl⁻) → Low splitting.
Ligands like Cl⁻ produce a weak field, resulting in low splitting and minimum CFSE.
Compare CFSE for different ligands: Cl⁻ < H₂O < NH₃ < CN⁻.
Final result: Minimum CFSE = [CoCl₆]³⁻.
Misidentifying CFSE trends for ligand field strength.
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Relate ligand field strength to CFSE.
CFSE = Weak field (Cl⁻) → Low splitting.
Ligands like Cl⁻ produce a weak field, resulting in low splitting and minimum CFSE.
Compare CFSE for different ligands: Cl⁻ < H₂O < NH₃ < CN⁻.
Final result: Minimum CFSE = [CoCl₆]³⁻.
Misidentifying CFSE trends for ligand field strength.
Cryolite is
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Cryolite composition.
Cryolite (Na₃AlF₆) reduces the fusion temperature and increases alumina's conductivity.
It lowers alumina’s fusion temperature from 2050°C to 950°C.
Cryolite assists electrolysis by reducing temperature and increasing conductivity.
Confusing cryolite’s role in lowering melting point and refining alumina.
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Distinguish Cryolite's multiple functions.
Cryolite composition.
Cryolite (Na₃AlF₆) reduces the fusion temperature and increases alumina's conductivity.
It lowers alumina’s fusion temperature from 2050°C to 950°C.
Cryolite assists electrolysis by reducing temperature and increasing conductivity.
Confusing cryolite’s role in lowering melting point and refining alumina.
On heating potassium permanganate, one of the following compound is not obtained
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2KMnO₄ → K₂MnO₄ + MnO₂ + O₂.
Heating KMnO₄ decomposes it to K₂MnO₄, MnO₂, and O₂, but not Mn₂O₃.
Reaction: 2KMnO₄ → K₂MnO₄ + MnO₂ + O₂.
Final result: Mn₂O₃ is not obtained.
Incorrectly listing Mn₂O₃ as a product of KMnO₄ heating.
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Analyze products of KMnO₄ decomposition.
2KMnO₄ → K₂MnO₄ + MnO₂ + O₂.
Heating KMnO₄ decomposes it to K₂MnO₄, MnO₂, and O₂, but not Mn₂O₃.
Reaction: 2KMnO₄ → K₂MnO₄ + MnO₂ + O₂.
Final result: Mn₂O₃ is not obtained.
Incorrectly listing Mn₂O₃ as a product of KMnO₄ heating.
How many ions per molecule are produced in the solution when Mohr salt is dissolved in excess of water?
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FeSO₄(NH₄)₂SO₄∙6H₂O → Fe²⁺ + 2NH₄⁺ + 2SO₄²⁻.
Dissociation of Mohr's salt: FeSO₄(NH₄)₂SO₄∙6H₂O produces Fe²⁺, 2 NH₄⁺, and 2 SO₄²⁻ ions.
Dissociation reaction: FeSO₄(NH₄)₂SO₄∙6H₂O → Fe²⁺ + 2NH₄⁺ + 2SO₄²⁻.
Final result: Total ions produced = 5.
Forgetting to account for all ions produced during dissociation.
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Identify dissociation products of Mohr's salt.
FeSO₄(NH₄)₂SO₄∙6H₂O → Fe²⁺ + 2NH₄⁺ + 2SO₄²⁻.
Dissociation of Mohr's salt: FeSO₄(NH₄)₂SO₄∙6H₂O produces Fe²⁺, 2 NH₄⁺, and 2 SO₄²⁻ ions.
Dissociation reaction: FeSO₄(NH₄)₂SO₄∙6H₂O → Fe²⁺ + 2NH₄⁺ + 2SO₄²⁻.
Final result: Total ions produced = 5.
Forgetting to account for all ions produced during dissociation.
The electronic configuration of Gd²⁺ (Atomic No. of Gd = 64) is...
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[Xe]4f⁺⁷5d¹6s² (stable half-filled 4f orbital).
Gadolinium has a stable half-filled f-orbital (4f⁷), and additional electrons occupy 5d¹ and 6s² orbitals.
Electronic configuration: 4f⁷ (half-filled stable configuration) + 5d¹6s².
Final result: Electronic configuration = [Xe]4f⁺⁷5d¹6s².
Misplacing electrons due to incorrect orbital stability assumptions.
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Recall stable configurations and periodic table trends for lanthanides.
[Xe]4f⁺⁷5d¹6s² (stable half-filled 4f orbital).
Gadolinium has a stable half-filled f-orbital (4f⁷), and additional electrons occupy 5d¹ and 6s² orbitals.
Electronic configuration: 4f⁷ (half-filled stable configuration) + 5d¹6s².
Final result: Electronic configuration = [Xe]4f⁺⁷5d¹6s².
Misplacing electrons due to incorrect orbital stability assumptions.
Which of the following will be able to show geometrical isomerism?
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GI possible for square planar MABCD.
Geometrical isomerism requires restricted rotation, possible in square planar (MABCD), not in tetrahedral geometry.
Analyze each compound: Tetrahedral (MA₂B₂, MABCD) does not show GI; Square planar (MABCD) can show GI.
Final result: MABCD (Square planar) shows GI.
Confusing geometrical isomerism with tetrahedral compounds.
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Identify geometry and different groups for geometrical isomerism.
GI possible for square planar MABCD.
Geometrical isomerism requires restricted rotation, possible in square planar (MABCD), not in tetrahedral geometry.
Analyze each compound: Tetrahedral (MA₂B₂, MABCD) does not show GI; Square planar (MABCD) can show GI.
Final result: MABCD (Square planar) shows GI.
Confusing geometrical isomerism with tetrahedral compounds.
Which of the following sequence is correct regarding field strength of ligands as per spectrochemical series?
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Crystal Field Splitting Energy: Δₒ
List spectrochemical series order
Analyze ligand field splitting ability: I⁻ < Br⁻ < SCN⁻ < Cl⁻ < F⁻ < OH⁻ < C₂O₄²⁻ < H₂O < NCS⁻ < CN⁻ < CO
Compare π-acceptor and σ-donor properties
Not considering both bonding types
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Consider both σ and π bonding abilities
Crystal Field Splitting Energy: Δₒ
List spectrochemical series order
Analyze ligand field splitting ability: I⁻ < Br⁻ < SCN⁻ < Cl⁻ < F⁻ < OH⁻ < C₂O₄²⁻ < H₂O < NCS⁻ < CN⁻ < CO
Compare π-acceptor and σ-donor properties
Not considering both bonding types
As per IUPAC norms, the name of the complex [Co(en)₂(ONO)Cl]Cl is
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None required
Identify oxidation state of Co: +3
List ligands in alphabetical order: chlorido, en (bis), nitrito-O
Add prefix and suffix according to IUPAC rules
Wrong ligand order
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Follow IUPAC naming sequence
None required
Identify oxidation state of Co: +3
List ligands in alphabetical order: chlorido, en (bis), nitrito-O
Add prefix and suffix according to IUPAC rules
Wrong ligand order
Copper is extracted from Copper pyrites by heating in a Bessemer converter. The method is based on the principle that...
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Cu₂S + O₂ → Cu₂O + SO₂.
During roasting, Cu₂S and FeS react with O₂ to form Cu₂O and FeO, removing impurities based on affinities for oxygen.
Principle: Copper has a higher affinity for oxygen compared to sulfur at high temperature.
Final result: Method relies on Cu affinity for oxygen.
Misunderstanding oxygen affinity between Cu and S.
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Recall principles of roasting and affinity of metals for oxygen.
Cu₂S + O₂ → Cu₂O + SO₂.
During roasting, Cu₂S and FeS react with O₂ to form Cu₂O and FeO, removing impurities based on affinities for oxygen.
Principle: Copper has a higher affinity for oxygen compared to sulfur at high temperature.
Final result: Method relies on Cu affinity for oxygen.
Misunderstanding oxygen affinity between Cu and S.
Mn²⁺ compounds are more stable than Fe²⁺ compounds towards oxidation in their +3 state, because
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Electronic configurations
Compare electronic configurations: Mn²⁺(3d⁵) vs Fe²⁺(3d⁶)
Analyze stability of half-filled d⁵ configuration
Calculate third ionization energies
Not considering orbital stability
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Consider half-filled orbital stability
Electronic configurations
Compare electronic configurations: Mn²⁺(3d⁵) vs Fe²⁺(3d⁶)
Analyze stability of half-filled d⁵ configuration
Calculate third ionization energies
Not considering orbital stability
The bivalent metal ion having maximum paramagnetic behaviour among the first transition series elements is
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Magnetic moment formula
Write electronic configurations
Count unpaired electrons: Mn²⁺(3d⁵) has 5 unpaired e⁻
Compare magnetic moments: μ = √n(n+2) BM
Not considering electron pairing
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Consider half-filled orbital stability
Magnetic moment formula
Write electronic configurations
Count unpaired electrons: Mn²⁺(3d⁵) has 5 unpaired e⁻
Compare magnetic moments: μ = √n(n+2) BM
Not considering electron pairing
The number of isomers possible for the octahedral complex [CoCl₂(en)(NH₃)₂]⁺ is
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Isomer types in octahedral complexes
Draw all possible arrangements of ligands
Identify geometric isomers (cis-trans)
Identify optical isomers of cis form
Missing some isomer types
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Consider both geometric and optical isomerism
Isomer types in octahedral complexes
Draw all possible arrangements of ligands
Identify geometric isomers (cis-trans)
Identify optical isomers of cis form
Missing some isomer types
CO is a stronger ligand than Cl⁻, because
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Metal-CO bonding
Analyze CO's sigma donor capability
Examine CO's π-acceptor property
Understand synergic bonding in metal-CO complexes
Not considering π back bonding
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Consider both σ and π bonding
Metal-CO bonding
Analyze CO's sigma donor capability
Examine CO's π-acceptor property
Understand synergic bonding in metal-CO complexes
Not considering π back bonding
The composition of 'copper matte' is
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Matte formation equations
Identify copper matte intermediate formed in copper extraction: Cu₂S + FeS
Understand formation during smelting: 2CuFeS₂ → Cu₂S + FeS + S
Copper matte undergoes further processing to get pure copper
Confusing with slag formation
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Consider role in copper extraction
Matte formation equations
Identify copper matte intermediate formed in copper extraction: Cu₂S + FeS
Understand formation during smelting: 2CuFeS₂ → Cu₂S + FeS + S
Copper matte undergoes further processing to get pure copper
Confusing with slag formation
The complex formed when Al₂O₃ is leached from Bauxite using concentrated NaOH solution is
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Leaching reaction equation
Write reaction: Al₂O₃ + 2NaOH + 3H₂O → 2Na[Al(OH)₄]
Balance equation considering coordination number
Verify complex structure with amphoteric nature of Al₂O₃
Not considering complex formation
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Consider aluminium's amphoteric behavior
Leaching reaction equation
Write reaction: Al₂O₃ + 2NaOH + 3H₂O → 2Na[Al(OH)₄]
Balance equation considering coordination number
Verify complex structure with amphoteric nature of Al₂O₃
Not considering complex formation
Van-Arkel method of refining Zirconium involves
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Purification via volatile compound
Form volatile iodide: Zr + 2I₂ → ZrI₄
Decompose at hot wire: ZrI₄ → Zr + 2I₂
Pure Zr deposits on wire
Confusing with other purification methods
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Consider volatile intermediate formation
Purification via volatile compound
Form volatile iodide: Zr + 2I₂ → ZrI₄
Decompose at hot wire: ZrI₄ → Zr + 2I₂
Pure Zr deposits on wire
Confusing with other purification methods
The coordination number and oxidation state of element 'M' in complex [M(en)₂(C₂O₄)]NO₂ {where (en) is ethan-1,2-diamine} are respectively
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ON = charge + coordinate bonds
Count donor atoms
Calculate oxidation state
Determine CN
CN counting errors
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Check ligand denticity
ON = charge + coordinate bonds
Count donor atoms
Calculate oxidation state
Determine CN
CN counting errors
According to crystal field theory, the M-L bond in a complex is
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M-L ionic bond
Consider bonding type
Check electrostatic nature
Verify theory
Bond nature confusion
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Electrostatic interaction
M-L ionic bond
Consider bonding type
Check electrostatic nature
Verify theory
Bond nature confusion
Wrong statement about Lanthanoids
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4f transitions
Check properties
Compare statements
Identify incorrect
Property confusion
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
f-f transitions give color
4f transitions
Check properties
Compare statements
Identify incorrect
Property confusion
Which metallic oxide exhibits amphoteric nature?
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Al₂O₃ + 6H⁺/6OH⁻
Check reactions
Verify acid/base behavior
Identify amphoteric
Oxide behavior
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Reacts with acid & base
Al₂O₃ + 6H⁺/6OH⁻
Check reactions
Verify acid/base behavior
Identify amphoteric
Oxide behavior
The metal nitrate that liberates NO₂ on heating
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2LiNO₃ → 2LiNO₂ + O₂
Compare cation sizes
Check lattice energy
Assess thermal stability
Not relating cation size to thermal stability
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Smaller cation size leads to easier decomposition
2LiNO₃ → 2LiNO₂ + O₂
Compare cation sizes
Check lattice energy
Assess thermal stability
Not relating cation size to thermal stability
Metal extracted by leaching with cyanide
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Ag₂S + CN⁻ → [Ag(CN)₂]⁻
Write cyanide reaction
Check complex formation
Identify extracted metal
Leaching process
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Silver forms complex
Ag₂S + CN⁻ → [Ag(CN)₂]⁻
Write cyanide reaction
Check complex formation
Identify extracted metal
Leaching process
The magnetic nature of elements depends on the presence of unpaired electrons. Identify the configuration of transition elements which shows the highest magnetic moment
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μ = √n(n+2) BM
Draw orbital diagram
Count unpaired e⁻
Calculate moment
Electron counting
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Most unpaired electrons
μ = √n(n+2) BM
Draw orbital diagram
Count unpaired e⁻
Calculate moment
Electron counting
Identify the set of paramagnetic ions among the following:
🥳 Wohoo! Correct answer
None
Check electronic configuration
Count unpaired electrons
Identify paramagnetic ions
Electronic configuration
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Unpaired electrons cause paramagnetism
None
Check electronic configuration
Count unpaired electrons
Identify paramagnetic ions
Electronic configuration
Extraction of chlorine from brine solution is based on
🥳 Wohoo! Correct answer
2Cl⁻ → Cl₂ + 2e⁻
Write electrolysis
Check anode reaction
Identify process
Process identification
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Cl⁻ loses electrons
2Cl⁻ → Cl₂ + 2e⁻
Write electrolysis
Check anode reaction
Identify process
Process identification
Addition of mineral acid to borax solution forms
🥳 Wohoo! Correct answer
Na₂B₄O₇ + H₂SO₄ + 5H₂O
Write borax formula
Add acid reaction
Form H₃BO₃
Product ID
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Hydrolysis reaction
Na₂B₄O₇ + H₂SO₄ + 5H₂O
Write borax formula
Add acid reaction
Form H₃BO₃
Product ID
[Fe(NO₂)₃Cl₃] and [Fe(O-NO)₃Cl₃] shows
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Fe-NO₂ vs Fe-ONO
Identify bonding atoms
Check ligand attachment
Compare structures
Students confuse different isomer types
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Different ligand binding modes
Fe-NO₂ vs Fe-ONO
Identify bonding atoms
Check ligand attachment
Compare structures
Students confuse different isomer types
When PbO₂ reacts with concentrated HNO₃, the gas evolved is
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PbO₂ + HNO₃ → Pb(NO₃)₂ + O₂ + H₂O
Consider oxidation states
Check redox reaction
Identify evolved gas
Students confuse nitrogen oxide products
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
PbO₂ is reduced
PbO₂ + HNO₃ → Pb(NO₃)₂ + O₂ + H₂O
Consider oxidation states
Check redox reaction
Identify evolved gas
Students confuse nitrogen oxide products
KMnO₄ acts as an oxidizing agent in alkaline medium. When alkaline KMnO₄ is treated with KI, iodide ion is oxidized to
🥳 Wohoo! Correct answer
MnO₄⁻ + I⁻ → IO₃⁻ + MnO₂
Check oxidation state change
Consider alkaline medium
Evaluate oxidation product
Students forget medium effect on oxidation
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Maximum oxidation in alkaline
MnO₄⁻ + I⁻ → IO₃⁻ + MnO₂
Check oxidation state change
Consider alkaline medium
Evaluate oxidation product
Students forget medium effect on oxidation
The electronic configuration of transition element "X" is [Ar]3d⁵, the oxidation state is +3. What is its atomic number?
🥳 Wohoo! Correct answer
Atomic number = protons
Count total electrons
Consider oxidation state
Find atomic number
Students forget to account for oxidation state
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Z = electrons + oxidation state
Atomic number = protons
Count total electrons
Consider oxidation state
Find atomic number
Students forget to account for oxidation state
The common impurity present in bauxite is
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Al₂O₃·2H₂O + Fe₂O₃
Check ore composition
Consider abundance
Evaluate purification needs
Students confuse different metal oxide impurities
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Iron oxide is common impurity
Al₂O₃·2H₂O + Fe₂O₃
Check ore composition
Consider abundance
Evaluate purification needs
Students confuse different metal oxide impurities
Which of the following oxidation states is common for all lanthanides?
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[Xe]4f^n5d^06s^0
Check electronic configuration
Consider stability
Evaluate common state
Students confuse variable oxidation states
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
#ERROR!
[Xe]4f^n5d^06s^0
Check electronic configuration
Consider stability
Evaluate common state
Students confuse variable oxidation states
Very pure N₂ can be obtained by
🥳 Wohoo! Correct answer
2NaN₃ → 2Na + 3N₂
Compare purity
Check side products
Evaluate yield
Students overlook purity aspect
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Look for clean decomposition
2NaN₃ → 2Na + 3N₂
Compare purity
Check side products
Evaluate yield
Students overlook purity aspect
The IUPAC name of [Co(NH₃)₄Cl(NO₂)]Cl is
🥳 Wohoo! Correct answer
[Co(NH₃)₄Cl(NO₂)]Cl nomenclature
Identify central metal
Count ligands
Determine oxidation state
Students struggle with ligand naming order
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Follow IUPAC naming rules
[Co(NH₃)₄Cl(NO₂)]Cl nomenclature
Identify central metal
Count ligands
Determine oxidation state
Students struggle with ligand naming order
Oxidation state of copper is +1 in
🥳 Wohoo! Correct answer
Cu₂O (Cuprite) formula
Write mineral formula
Calculate oxidation state
Verify copper state
Not writing correct mineral formula
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Cu₂O has Cu in +1 state
Cu₂O (Cuprite) formula
Write mineral formula
Calculate oxidation state
Verify copper state
Not writing correct mineral formula
Formula of pentaaquanitrato chromium(III) nitrate is
🥳 Wohoo! Correct answer
[Cr(H₂O)₅NO₃]²⁺ + 2NO₃⁻
Count ligands (5 H₂O + 1 NO₃)
Determine Cr³⁺ oxidation state
Balance total charge
Not distinguishing between coordinated and ionizable nitrate
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Five water ligands + one nitrato ligand inside complex
[Cr(H₂O)₅NO₃]²⁺ + 2NO₃⁻
Count ligands (5 H₂O + 1 NO₃)
Determine Cr³⁺ oxidation state
Balance total charge
Not distinguishing between coordinated and ionizable nitrate
Addition of excess AgNO₃ to PdCl₂.4NH₃ gives conductivity corresponding to
🥳 Wohoo! Correct answer
[Pd(NH₃)₄]²⁺ + 2Cl⁻ + 2Ag⁺ → [Pd(NH₃)₄]²⁺ + 2AgCl↓
Write precipitation reaction
Count ions formed
Determine electrolyte type
Not considering complete ionic equation
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Count ions before and after reaction
[Pd(NH₃)₄]²⁺ + 2Cl⁻ + 2Ag⁺ → [Pd(NH₃)₄]²⁺ + 2AgCl↓
Write precipitation reaction
Count ions formed
Determine electrolyte type
Not considering complete ionic equation
A Lewis acid 'X' reacts with LiAlH₄ in ether medium to give a highly toxic gas. This gas when heated with NH₃ gives a compound commonly known as inorganic benzene. The gas is
🥳 Wohoo! Correct answer
3B₂H₆ + 6NH₃ → 2B₃N₃H₆ + 12H₂
Identify Lewis acid
Check product
Verify reaction
Boron compounds
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Diborane forms borazine
3B₂H₆ + 6NH₃ → 2B₃N₃H₆ + 12H₂
Identify Lewis acid
Check product
Verify reaction
Boron compounds
Which among the following is the strongest ligand?
🥳 Wohoo! Correct answer
No specific formula required
Compare ligand field strengths
Check spectrochemical series
CO is highest in series
Students often confuse ligand strength with other properties
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Remember spectrochemical series order
No specific formula required
Compare ligand field strengths
Check spectrochemical series
CO is highest in series
Students often confuse ligand strength with other properties
Which of the following statement is wrong?
🥳 Wohoo! Correct answer
No specific formula required
Consider d-block properties
Check oxidation states of each element
Sc and Zn don't show variable oxidation states
Students often overlook exceptions in periodic trends
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Think about electronic configuration
No specific formula required
Consider d-block properties
Check oxidation states of each element
Sc and Zn don't show variable oxidation states
Students often overlook exceptions in periodic trends
A mixture of NaCl and K₂Cr₂O₇ is heated with conc. H₂SO₄, deep red vapours are formed. Which statement is false?
🥳 Wohoo! Correct answer
CrO₂Cl₂ + 4NaOH → Na₂CrO₄ + 2NaCl + 2H₂O
Identify products of reaction
CrO₂Cl₂ is main product
No Cl₂ is produced
Students often confuse products of chromyl chloride formation
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Consider chromyl chloride test
CrO₂Cl₂ + 4NaOH → Na₂CrO₄ + 2NaCl + 2H₂O
Identify products of reaction
CrO₂Cl₂ is main product
No Cl₂ is produced
Students often confuse products of chromyl chloride formation
Incorrect statements with reference to Ce (Z=58)
🥳 Wohoo! Correct answer
Ce⁴⁺ + e⁻ → Ce³⁺
Consider Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ redox properties
Ce⁴⁺ is oxidizing agent not reducing
Ce⁴⁺ + e⁻ → Ce³⁺ is reduction
Students often confuse oxidizing and reducing nature
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Think about stability of oxidation states
Ce⁴⁺ + e⁻ → Ce³⁺
Consider Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ redox properties
Ce⁴⁺ is oxidizing agent not reducing
Ce⁴⁺ + e⁻ → Ce³⁺ is reduction
Students often confuse oxidizing and reducing nature
In the reaction of gold with aquaregia, oxidation state of Nitrogen changes from
🥳 Wohoo! Correct answer
Au + HNO₃ + 4HCl → HAuCl₄ + NO + 2H₂O
Identify nitrogen-containing species in aqua regia (HNO₃ + HCl)
NO₃⁻ (N with +5 oxidation state) is reduced to NO (N with +2 oxidation state)
Nitrogen's oxidation state changes from +5 to +2
Students often confuse between different nitrogen oxides and their oxidation states
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Track the nitrogen-containing species in the reaction
Au + HNO₃ + 4HCl → HAuCl₄ + NO + 2H₂O
Identify nitrogen-containing species in aqua regia (HNO₃ + HCl)
NO₃⁻ (N with +5 oxidation state) is reduced to NO (N with +2 oxidation state)
Nitrogen's oxidation state changes from +5 to +2
Students often confuse between different nitrogen oxides and their oxidation states
Among the following main reactions occurring in blast furnace during extraction of iron from haematite are: i) Fe₂O₃ + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO₂ ii) FeO + SiO₂ → FeSiO₃ iii) Fe₂O₃ + 3C → 2Fe + 3CO iv) CaO + SiO₂ → CaSiO₃
🥳 Wohoo! Correct answer
Fe₂O₃ + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO₂ and CaO + SiO₂ → CaSiO₃
Identify the main reactions in blast furnace: reduction of Fe₂O₃ and slag formation
Fe₂O₃ + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO₂ represents reduction of haematite while CaO + SiO₂ → CaSiO₃ represents slag formation
Therefore option (D) containing reactions i and iv correctly represents both processes
Students often confuse between CO and C as reducing agents. While both are present in blast furnace CO is the primary reducing agent while C (coke) mainly produces CO
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Look for reactions showing both iron oxide reduction and silica removal as slag
Fe₂O₃ + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO₂ and CaO + SiO₂ → CaSiO₃
Identify the main reactions in blast furnace: reduction of Fe₂O₃ and slag formation
Fe₂O₃ + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO₂ represents reduction of haematite while CaO + SiO₂ → CaSiO₃ represents slag formation
Therefore option (D) containing reactions i and iv correctly represents both processes
Students often confuse between CO and C as reducing agents. While both are present in blast furnace CO is the primary reducing agent while C (coke) mainly produces CO
Number of stereoisomers exhibited by [Co(en)₂Cl₂]⁺ is
🥳 Wohoo! Correct answer
None
Identify geometry
Check chiral centers
Count isomers
Isomer counting
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Consider cis-trans and optical
None
Identify geometry
Check chiral centers
Count isomers
Isomer counting
Give the IUPAC name of [Pt(NH₃)₄][PtCl₄]
🥳 Wohoo! Correct answer
None
Identify oxidation states
Name cation
Name anion
IUPAC nomenclature rules
😢 Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Follow IUPAC rules
None
Identify oxidation states
Name cation
Name anion
IUPAC nomenclature rules
The Co-ordination number of Fe and Co in the complex ions [Fe(C₂O₄)₃]³⁻ and [Co(SCN)₄]²⁻ are respectively:
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None
Count ligand attachments
Identify denticity
Determine C.N.
Denticity confusion
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Check ligand binding sites
None
Count ligand attachments
Identify denticity
Determine C.N.
Denticity confusion
Cu₂Cl₂ and CuCl₂ in aqueous medium
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2Cu⁺ → Cu²⁺ + Cu⁰
Compare oxidation states
Check stability
Analyze aqueous behavior
Stability concepts
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Cu(I) oxidizes to Cu(II)
2Cu⁺ → Cu²⁺ + Cu⁰
Compare oxidation states
Check stability
Analyze aqueous behavior
Stability concepts
Phosphorus pentachloride
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PCl₅ + 4H₂O → H₃PO₄ + 5HCl
PCl₅ hydrolysis
H₃PO₄ formation
Three replaceable H⁺
Structure vs properties
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Focus on hydrolysis products
PCl₅ + 4H₂O → H₃PO₄ + 5HCl
PCl₅ hydrolysis
H₃PO₄ formation
Three replaceable H⁺
Structure vs properties
Function of potassium ethyl xanthate in froth flotation process is to make the ore
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None
Collector addition
Surface modification
Selective separation
Confusion between collector and frother roles
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Collectors modify surface properties
None
Collector addition
Surface modification
Selective separation
Confusion between collector and frother roles
Copper is extracted from copper pyrites by
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2CuFeS₂ + O₂ → Cu₂S + 2FeO + 2SO₂
Roasting of CuFeS₂
Formation of Cu₂S and FeO
Self-reduction of Cu₂S
Often confused with reduction by coke
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No external reducing agent needed
2CuFeS₂ + O₂ → Cu₂S + 2FeO + 2SO₂
Roasting of CuFeS₂
Formation of Cu₂S and FeO
Self-reduction of Cu₂S
Often confused with reduction by coke
Which of the following hydrides is electron deficient?
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B₂H₆ bridge bonding
Compare bonding types
Check electron count
B₂H₆ has 3-center-2-electron bonds
Confusing different hydrides
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Electron deficient = fewer electrons than needed
B₂H₆ bridge bonding
Compare bonding types
Check electron count
B₂H₆ has 3-center-2-electron bonds
Confusing different hydrides
Crystal Field Splitting Energy (CFSE) for [CoCl₆]⁴⁻ is 18000 cm⁻¹. The Crystal Field Splitting Energy (CFSE) for [CoCl₄]²⁻ will be
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Δt = (4/9)Δo
Compare tetrahedral vs octahedral splitting
Δt = (4/9)Δo
Calculate: (4/9) × 18000 = 8000 cm⁻¹
Forgetting 4/9 relationship
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Tetrahedral CFSE is 4/9 of octahedral CFSE
Δt = (4/9)Δo
Compare tetrahedral vs octahedral splitting
Δt = (4/9)Δo
Calculate: (4/9) × 18000 = 8000 cm⁻¹
Forgetting 4/9 relationship
The correct IUPAC name of cis-platin is
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[Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂] nomenclature
Write formula [Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂]
Apply IUPAC nomenclature rules
Consider oxidation state and ligand order
Confusing oxidation states and ligand order
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Follow IUPAC rules for coordination compounds
[Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂] nomenclature
Write formula [Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂]
Apply IUPAC nomenclature rules
Consider oxidation state and ligand order
Confusing oxidation states and ligand order
All Cu(II) halides are known, except the iodide, the reason for it is that
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2Cu²⁺ + 4I⁻ → 2CuI + I₂
Consider redox properties
Compare reduction potentials
Cu²⁺ + 2I⁻ → 2Cu⁺ + I₂
Confusing size effects with redox properties
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Oxidizing power of Cu²⁺ vs stability of iodide
2Cu²⁺ + 4I⁻ → 2CuI + I₂
Consider redox properties
Compare reduction potentials
Cu²⁺ + 2I⁻ → 2Cu⁺ + I₂
Confusing size effects with redox properties
The only Lanthanoid which is radioactive
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Electronic configuration of lanthanoids
Recall properties of lanthanoids
Identify radioactive element
Pm is radioactive
Confusing different lanthanoids
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All Pm isotopes are radioactive
Electronic configuration of lanthanoids
Recall properties of lanthanoids
Identify radioactive element
Pm is radioactive
Confusing different lanthanoids
Which noble gas has least tendency to form compounds?
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Electronic configuration
Compare electronic configurations
Consider atomic size and energy levels
He has complete 1s orbital
Confusing periodic trends in noble gases
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Noble gases are inert due to complete outer shells
Electronic configuration
Compare electronic configurations
Consider atomic size and energy levels
He has complete 1s orbital
Confusing periodic trends in noble gases
The complex hexamine platinum (IV) chloride will give _____ number of ions on ionization
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[Pt(NH₃)₆]Cl₄ → [Pt(NH₃)₆]⁴⁺ + 4Cl⁻
Write complex formula [Pt(NH₃)₆]Cl₄
Count number of ions formed
[Pt(NH₃)₆]⁴⁺ + 4Cl⁻ = 5 ions
Forgetting to count complex ion
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Complex ion dissociates into cation and anions
[Pt(NH₃)₆]Cl₄ → [Pt(NH₃)₆]⁴⁺ + 4Cl⁻
Write complex formula [Pt(NH₃)₆]Cl₄
Count number of ions formed
[Pt(NH₃)₆]⁴⁺ + 4Cl⁻ = 5 ions
Forgetting to count complex ion
(NH₄)₂Cr₂O₇ on heating liberates a gas. The same gas will be obtained by
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NH₄NO₂ → N₂ + 2H₂O
Write decomposition reaction
Compare products of given reactions
NH₄NO₂ → N₂ + 2H₂O
Confusing different nitrogen compounds
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Both compounds decompose to give N₂
NH₄NO₂ → N₂ + 2H₂O
Write decomposition reaction
Compare products of given reactions
NH₄NO₂ → N₂ + 2H₂O
Confusing different nitrogen compounds
The property of halogens which is not correctly matched is
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Periodic trends of halogens
Check periodic trends
Electron gain enthalpy trend is Cl > F > Br > I
Identify incorrect match
Confusing different periodic trends
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Electron gain enthalpy maximum for Cl
Periodic trends of halogens
Check periodic trends
Electron gain enthalpy trend is Cl > F > Br > I
Identify incorrect match
Confusing different periodic trends
What will be the value of x in Fe^x+, if the magnetic moment μ = √24 BM?
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μ = √n(n+2) BM
Calculate n from magnetic moment formula
μ = √n(n+2) BM = √24
Solve for n = 4, then determine Fe oxidation state
Confusing magnetic moment calculation
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Magnetic moment depends on number of unpaired electrons
μ = √n(n+2) BM
Calculate n from magnetic moment formula
μ = √n(n+2) BM = √24
Solve for n = 4, then determine Fe oxidation state
Confusing magnetic moment calculation
The strong reducing property of hypophosphorous acid is due to
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H₃PO₂ structure
Understand structure of H₃PO₂
Identify P-H bonds
Relate P-H bonds to reducing property
Confusing oxidation states
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P-H bonds can donate H⁻, making it a reducing agent
H₃PO₂ structure
Understand structure of H₃PO₂
Identify P-H bonds
Relate P-H bonds to reducing property
Confusing oxidation states
The composition of water gas is
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C + H₂O → CO + H₂
Identify components
Check reaction
Verify mixture
Gas mixture confusion
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Coal + steam products
C + H₂O → CO + H₂
Identify components
Check reaction
Verify mixture
Gas mixture confusion
Which is an organometallic compound?
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Grignard reagent
Check metal-carbon bond
Verify definition
Compare structures
Organic salt confusion
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Direct M-C bond required
Grignard reagent
Check metal-carbon bond
Verify definition
Compare structures
Organic salt confusion
Wavelength of light absorbed for [Ni(H₂O)₄(en)]²⁺ and [Ni(en)₃]²⁺
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Δ = 1/λ
Consider ligand field
Compare splitting
Analyze spectra
Color vs wavelength confusion
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Crystal field theory
Δ = 1/λ
Consider ligand field
Compare splitting
Analyze spectra
Color vs wavelength confusion
In solid state, PCl₅ is a/an
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PCl₅ → PCl₄⁺ + PCl₆⁻
Analyze structure
Check ionization
Verify geometry
Structure vs bonding confusion
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Consider ionic species
PCl₅ → PCl₄⁺ + PCl₆⁻
Analyze structure
Check ionization
Verify geometry
Structure vs bonding confusion
Which oxoacid of phosphorus can reduce AgNO₃ to metallic silver?
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H₃PO₂ → H₃PO₄
Check oxidation states
Compare reducing power
Identify P-H bonds
Oxidation state confusion
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Look for lowest oxidation state
H₃PO₂ → H₃PO₄
Check oxidation states
Compare reducing power
Identify P-H bonds
Oxidation state confusion
The correct decreasing order of basicity of hydrides of Group-15 elements is
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NH₃ + H⁺ → NH₄⁺
Compare electron density
Check atomic size
Analyze bond angle
Size vs electronegativity confusion
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Consider electronegativity
NH₃ + H⁺ → NH₄⁺
Compare electron density
Check atomic size
Analyze bond angle
Size vs electronegativity confusion
Which octahedral complex has maximum unpaired electrons?
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Crystal field theory
Draw orbital diagrams
Count unpaired e⁻
Compare configurations
Confusion between high/low spin
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Consider crystal field splitting
Crystal field theory
Draw orbital diagrams
Count unpaired e⁻
Compare configurations
Confusion between high/low spin
Which formula and name combination is incorrect?
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Coordination compounds
Check oxidation state
Verify ligand names
Check nomenclature rules
Confusion in naming rules
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IUPAC naming rules
Coordination compounds
Check oxidation state
Verify ligand names
Check nomenclature rules
Confusion in naming rules
Which compound does not give dinitrogen on heating?
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NH₄NO₃ → N₂O + 2H₂O
Check decomposition products
NH₄NO₃ → N₂O + 2H₂O
No N₂ formation
All nitrogen compounds give N₂
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Look for oxide of nitrogen formation
NH₄NO₃ → N₂O + 2H₂O
Check decomposition products
NH₄NO₃ → N₂O + 2H₂O
No N₂ formation
All nitrogen compounds give N₂
Which statement is correct for melting point of transition elements?
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[Ar]3d⁵4s¹ for Cr
Compare atomic numbers
Check electron configuration
Analyze bonding
Higher atomic number means higher MP
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Consider half-filled d-orbitals
[Ar]3d⁵4s¹ for Cr
Compare atomic numbers
Check electron configuration
Analyze bonding
Higher atomic number means higher MP
Which statement about lanthanoids is incorrect?
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Color arises from f-f transitions.
Lanthanoid colors arise from f-f transitions, not d-d transitions.
Recognize f-orbitals as the source of color for lanthanoid ions in solution.
Final Answer: Option D is incorrect; f-f transitions cause colors in lanthanoids.
Assuming d-d transitions occur in lanthanoids instead of f-f.
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Understand the electronic transitions in lanthanoids.
Color arises from f-f transitions.
Lanthanoid colors arise from f-f transitions, not d-d transitions.
Recognize f-orbitals as the source of color for lanthanoid ions in solution.
Final Answer: Option D is incorrect; f-f transitions cause colors in lanthanoids.
Assuming d-d transitions occur in lanthanoids instead of f-f.
Match the following: I. Zn²⁺ II. Cu²⁺ III. Ni²⁺ with i. d⁸ configuration ii. Colourless iii. μ=1.73 BM
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μ = √n(n+2) BM
Write electronic configurations: Zn²⁺(3d¹⁰), Cu²⁺(3d⁹), Ni²⁺(3d⁸)
Calculate magnetic moments
Match properties with ions
Wrong electron counting
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Consider d-orbital filling
μ = √n(n+2) BM
Write electronic configurations: Zn²⁺(3d¹⁰), Cu²⁺(3d⁹), Ni²⁺(3d⁸)
Calculate magnetic moments
Match properties with ions
Wrong electron counting
The transition element (~5%) present with lanthanoid metal in Misch metal is:
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No formula involved.
Misch metal contains ~95% lanthanide metals and ~5% iron.
Identify the additional transition element (iron, Fe) in Misch metal composition.
Final Answer: Iron (Fe) is the transition element in Misch metal.
Misinterpreting "transition element" as any metal instead of Fe.
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Recall the composition of Misch metal.
No formula involved.
Misch metal contains ~95% lanthanide metals and ~5% iron.
Identify the additional transition element (iron, Fe) in Misch metal composition.
Final Answer: Iron (Fe) is the transition element in Misch metal.
Misinterpreting "transition element" as any metal instead of Fe.
The incorrect statement about the Hall-Heroult process is:
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No formula involved.
The oxidation state of oxygen does not change in the Hall-Heroult process.
Carbon serves as the anode and reacts with oxygen to produce CO/CO₂.
Final Answer: Option D is incorrect.
Assuming oxygen changes oxidation state during electrolysis.
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Focus on the role of oxygen in the process.
No formula involved.
The oxidation state of oxygen does not change in the Hall-Heroult process.
Carbon serves as the anode and reacts with oxygen to produce CO/CO₂.
Final Answer: Option D is incorrect.
Assuming oxygen changes oxidation state during electrolysis.
A complex CrCl₃·6H₂O gives 2.86 g AgCl with AgNO₃. Identify the complex.
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Precipitation stoichiometry: moles AgCl = moles ionizable Cl⁻ ions.
Calculate moles of AgCl formed to infer the number of chloride ions available for precipitation.
Analyze the coordination and ionization in Cr complex from given AgCl precipitation data.
The complex is [Cr(H₂O)₄Cl₂]Cl·2H₂O based on moles of precipitated AgCl.
Misinterpreting ionizable vs. bonded chloride ions.
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Carefully relate ionizable Cl⁻ with AgCl precipitation.
Precipitation stoichiometry: moles AgCl = moles ionizable Cl⁻ ions.
Calculate moles of AgCl formed to infer the number of chloride ions available for precipitation.
Analyze the coordination and ionization in Cr complex from given AgCl precipitation data.
The complex is [Cr(H₂O)₄Cl₂]Cl·2H₂O based on moles of precipitated AgCl.
Misinterpreting ionizable vs. bonded chloride ions.
Select the correct statement:
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No formula involved.
Recognize the definition and purpose of calcination, roasting, and smelting.
Calcination of CaCO₃ releases CO₂, requiring heat (endothermic).
Final Answer: Calcination of CaCO₃ is endothermic; Option D is correct.
Misunderstanding the conditions of calcination and roasting.
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Focus on the nature of heat transfer during calcination.
No formula involved.
Recognize the definition and purpose of calcination, roasting, and smelting.
Calcination of CaCO₃ releases CO₂, requiring heat (endothermic).
Final Answer: Calcination of CaCO₃ is endothermic; Option D is correct.
Misunderstanding the conditions of calcination and roasting.
[Co(NH₃)₅SO₄]Br and [Co(NH₃)₅Br]SO₄ are:
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Ionization isomers: different ions outside the coordination sphere.
Complexes differ in anion association, leading to ionization isomerism.
Recognize that the same ligands but different counterions lead to ionization isomers.
The complexes are ionization isomers.
Confusing ionization isomers with coordination isomers.
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Focus on anion association vs. coordination sphere.
Ionization isomers: different ions outside the coordination sphere.
Complexes differ in anion association, leading to ionization isomerism.
Recognize that the same ligands but different counterions lead to ionization isomers.
The complexes are ionization isomers.
Confusing ionization isomers with coordination isomers.
True statements about [CoF₆]³⁻ ion include:
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Hybridization: sp³d² for high spin weak field ligands like F⁻.
Analyze hybridization, geometry, and spin state based on ligand field strength and oxidation state of cobalt.
Recognize weak-field ligand (F⁻) leads to high spin complex and sp³d² hybridization.
True: (I) Octahedral geometry; (III) sp³d² hybridized; (IV) High spin complex.
Confusion in hybridization of weak vs. strong field ligands.
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Correlate weak-field ligands with spin and hybridization.
Hybridization: sp³d² for high spin weak field ligands like F⁻.
Analyze hybridization, geometry, and spin state based on ligand field strength and oxidation state of cobalt.
Recognize weak-field ligand (F⁻) leads to high spin complex and sp³d² hybridization.
True: (I) Octahedral geometry; (III) sp³d² hybridized; (IV) High spin complex.
Confusion in hybridization of weak vs. strong field ligands.
The incorrect statement about Hall-Heroult process is:
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No formula involved.
Analyze the role of oxygen and carbon anode in the process.
Oxygen reacts at the carbon anode, but its oxidation state remains unchanged.
Final Answer: Oxygen's oxidation state does not change; Option D is incorrect.
Assuming oxygen changes oxidation states during the process.
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Understand the reactions occurring at the anode and cathode.
No formula involved.
Analyze the role of oxygen and carbon anode in the process.
Oxygen reacts at the carbon anode, but its oxidation state remains unchanged.
Final Answer: Oxygen's oxidation state does not change; Option D is incorrect.
Assuming oxygen changes oxidation states during the process.