📚 Key Concepts
System and surroundingsState functions vs path functionsFirst law: ΔE = q + wEnthalpy change (ΔH)Entropy (S) and spontaneityGibbs free energy (G)
🎯 Key Formulas
Work done: w = -PΔVHeat: q = mcΔTGibbs: ΔG = ΔH - TΔSStandard enthalpy: ΔH° = ΣnpΔHf°(products) - ΣnrΔHf°(reactants)
⚠️ Common Mistakes to Avoid
Sign conventions for q, wConfusing ΔE and ΔHState vs path function confusionSpontaneity predictions
📖 Knowledge Prerequisites
Basic math skillsGas lawsChemical equationsHeat capacity concepts
💡 Tips for Students
Master sign conventionsLearn Hess's law applicationsPractice enthalpy calculationsConnect ΔG to equilibrium
👉 Practice Recommedations
Calculate ΔH using different methodsPredict spontaneitySolve calorimetry problemsApply Hess's law
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