📚 Key Concepts
Root System
- Types: Tap root, Fibrous root
- Modifications
- For storage: Carrot, sweet potato
- For support: Banyan prop roots
- For respiration: Pneumatophores
- For symbiotic association: Nodules
Stem
- Functions
- Modifications
- Underground: Rhizome, tuber, bulb, corm
- Sub-aerial: Runner, stolon, offset, sucker
- Aerial: Tendrils, thorns
Leaf
- Parts: Lamina, petiole, stipules
- Types
- Simple vs Compound
- Pinnately/Palmately compound
- Venation
- Phyllotaxy
Inflorescence
- Racemose
- Cymose
- Special types
Flower
- Complete/Incomplete
- Bisexual/Unisexual
- Parts
- Calyx (sepals)
- Corolla (petals)
- Androecium (stamens)
- Gynoecium (carpels)
- Placentation types
🎯 Key Formulas
Important Terms
- Aestivation: Petal arrangement
- Actinomorphic: Radially symmetrical
- Zygomorphic: Bilaterally symmetrical
- Hypogynous/Perigynous/Epigynous flowers
- Superior/Inferior ovary
⚠️ Common Mistakes to Avoid
Confusing leaf types and arrangementsMixing up flower symmetry typesWrong identification of placentationIncorrect flower part arrangementsMisidentifying modifications
📖 Knowledge Prerequisites
Basic plant structure understandingKnowledge of plant partsFamiliarity with technical termsUnderstanding of plant adaptationsBasic botanical drawing skills
💡 Tips for Students
Draw and label diagrams regularlyCreate comparison tables for modificationsUse real plant examplesMake flowcharts for classificationLearn technical terms with examplesFocus on practical identificationStudy actual specimens when possible
👉 Practice Recommedations
Practice drawing labeled diagramsIdentify modifications in local plantsCompare different types of leavesPractice flower dissection
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