📚 Key Concepts
Occurrence of Metals- Native state (Au, Ag, Pt)
- Combined state (oxides, sulfides, carbonates)
- Principal ores and minerals
Concentration Methods- Hydraulic washing
- Froth flotation
- Magnetic separation
- Leaching
🎯 Key Formulas
Key Processes
- Extraction of Crude Metal
- Calcination: Carbonate → Oxide + CO₂
- Roasting: Sulfide + O₂ → Oxide + SO₂
- Reduction:
- Using C (coke)
- Using Al (thermite)
- Using H₂ or CO
- Refining Methods
- Distillation
- Liquation
- Electrolytic refining
- Zone refining
- Vapor phase refining
⚠️ Common Mistakes to Avoid
Confusing calcination and roastingWrong reduction equationsMisunderstanding Ellingham diagramIncorrect electrochemical series applicationMixing up refining methods
📖 Knowledge Prerequisites
Redox reactionsElectrochemistryThermodynamicsChemical equationsBasic metallurgy
💡 Tips for Students
Learn Ellingham diagram interpretationUnderstand thermodynamic principlesRemember electrochemical seriesPractice balancing extraction equationsKnow industrial applications
👉 Practice Recommedations
Draw Ellingham diagramsWrite extraction equationsCompare extraction methodsSolve numerical problemsStudy industrial processes
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