๐ Key Concepts
Dynamic equilibriumLaw of mass actionLe Chatelier's principleEquilibrium constant (Kc, Kp)Ionic equilibriumpH and buffersโ
๐ฏ Key Formulas
Kc = [C]c[D]d/[A]a[B]bKp = Kc(RT)ฮnpH = -log[H+]Ka ร Kb = Kw = 10โปยนโดBuffer: pH = pKa + log[salt]/[acid]โ
โ ๏ธ Common Mistakes to Avoid
Wrong equilibrium expressionsIgnoring concentration unitsIncorrect pH calculationsBuffer preparation errorsโ
๐ Knowledge Prerequisites
Chemical reactionsStoichiometryLogarithmsSolution chemistryโ
๐ก Tips for Students
Write correct equilibrium expressionsMaster ICE table methodUnderstand Le Chatelier's principlePractice buffer calculationsโ
๐ Practice Recommedations
Calculate Kc, KpPredict equilibrium shiftsSolve pH problemsDesign buffer solutionsApply common ion effectโ
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