📚 Key Concepts
Carbonyl Group (C=O)- Structure and reactivity
- Aldehyde (-CHO)
- Ketone (R-CO-R)
Carboxyl Group (-COOH)- Structure and properties
- Acidity
- Resonance effects
🎯 Key Formulas
Key Reactions
- Aldehyde/Ketone Reactions
- Nucleophilic addition
- Reduction: RCHO → RCH₂OH
- Oxidation: RCHO → RCOOH
- Cannizzaro reaction
- Aldol condensation
- Wolff-Kishner reduction
- Clemmensen reduction
- Carboxylic Acid Reactions
- Acid derivatives formation
- Decarboxylation
- Reduction to alcohols
- Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction
- Esterification
⚠️ Common Mistakes to Avoid
Confusing aldehyde/ketone tests- Tollens' test (Ag mirror)
- Fehling's test (red precipitate)
- Benedict's test
Wrong nucleophilic addition productsForgetting alpha-hydrogen requirement in aldolIncorrect acidity order of carboxylic acidsMisidentifying products in HVZ reaction
📖 Knowledge Prerequisites
Nucleophiles/electrophilesOxidation/reductionResonance effectsAcid-base conceptsAddition/substitution mechanisms
💡 Tips for Students
Learn distinguishing testsUnderstand nucleophilic addition mechanismRemember oxidation patternsPractice writing resonance structuresKnow effect of substituents on acidity
👉 Practice Recommedations
Write mechanisms for major reactionsPractice identifying productsCompare reactivity patternsSolve numerical problems on preparationsWork on conversion problems
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