DNA analysis method
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DNA analysis methods framework
Study DNA analysis techniques
Compare different methods
Identify polymorphism analysis method
Confusing analysis techniques
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Consider genetic variations
DNA analysis methods framework
Study DNA analysis techniques
Compare different methods
Identify polymorphism analysis method
Confusing analysis techniques
Ribosomal RNA type
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rRNA types and sizes
Study ribosome structure
Compare rRNA types
Identify correct rRNA
Confusing rRNA types
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Consider ribosome assembly
rRNA types and sizes
Study ribosome structure
Compare rRNA types
Identify correct rRNA
Confusing rRNA types
In DNA replication match correctly
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DNA replication machinery diagram
Study replication process
Match components correctly
Verify component relationships
Confusing replication components
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Consider process sequence
DNA replication machinery diagram
Study replication process
Match components correctly
Verify component relationships
Confusing replication components
Nitrogenous base not found in RNA
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RNA bases: A,U,G,C
Compare RNA/DNA components
Identify non-nucleotide molecule
Recognize cholesterol as non-base
Confusing nucleic acid components
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Focus on RNA composition
RNA bases: A,U,G,C
Compare RNA/DNA components
Identify non-nucleotide molecule
Recognize cholesterol as non-base
Confusing nucleic acid components
DNA polymerase function
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DNA synthesis: 5'β3' direction
Study DNA replication
Analyze enzyme functions
Identify multiple roles
Limiting enzyme function
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Consider enzyme activities
DNA synthesis: 5'β3' direction
Study DNA replication
Analyze enzyme functions
Identify multiple roles
Limiting enzyme function
If mRNA has 372 nucleotides
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Translation: 3 nucleotides = 1 amino acid
Calculate number of codons (372Γ·3=124)
Apply genetic code rules
Determine amino acid count
Miscounting nucleotides/codons
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Consider start/stop codons
Translation: 3 nucleotides = 1 amino acid
Calculate number of codons (372Γ·3=124)
Apply genetic code rules
Determine amino acid count
Miscounting nucleotides/codons
In RNA, thymine is replaced by
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RNA vs DNA bases
Compare DNA and RNA nucleotides
Understand base pairing rules
Identify uracil as RNA equivalent of thymine
Confusing RNA and DNA bases
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Focus on base differences
RNA vs DNA bases
Compare DNA and RNA nucleotides
Understand base pairing rules
Identify uracil as RNA equivalent of thymine
Confusing RNA and DNA bases
The codon AUG had dual function. It is an initiation codon and also codes for
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Genetic code: AUG = Met + Start
Understand genetic code properties - AUG is a start codon
Analyze amino acid coding function of AUG
Recognize AUG codes for methionine while also initiating translation
Confusing initiation with termination codons
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Remember dual role of AUG
Genetic code: AUG = Met + Start
Understand genetic code properties - AUG is a start codon
Analyze amino acid coding function of AUG
Recognize AUG codes for methionine while also initiating translation
Confusing initiation with termination codons
Which one of the following statements is not correct about a plasmid?
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No formulas involved
Understand plasmid characteristics
Compare with chromosomal DNA
Identify incorrect feature
Confusion about plasmid properties
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Think about DNA size differences
No formulas involved
Understand plasmid characteristics
Compare with chromosomal DNA
Identify incorrect feature
Confusion about plasmid properties
Read the following statements carefully and choose the correct statements about transcription
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DNA template β mRNA
Analyze each statement for accuracy
Understand transcription process
Combine correct statements
Mixing up transcription steps
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Remember DNAβRNA process
DNA template β mRNA
Analyze each statement for accuracy
Understand transcription process
Combine correct statements
Mixing up transcription steps
The codons UUU and UUC codes for phenylalanine only. This feature of genetic code is called
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No formulas involved
Understand genetic code properties
Analyze multiple codons for same amino acid
Identify degeneracy concept
Confusing genetic code properties
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One amino acid can have multiple codons
No formulas involved
Understand genetic code properties
Analyze multiple codons for same amino acid
Identify degeneracy concept
Confusing genetic code properties
In a taxonomic hierarchy, the number of common characters will increase as we go from
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No formulas involved
Identify the taxonomic hierarchy: Kingdom β Phylum β Class β Order β Family β Genus β Species
Understand that moving from broader to specific categories increases shared traits
Conclude that Kingdom to Species represents movement toward greater specificity
Students often reverse the relationship between taxonomic level and shared characteristics
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Think about how organisms in the same species must share more traits than those just in the same kingdom
No formulas involved
Identify the taxonomic hierarchy: Kingdom β Phylum β Class β Order β Family β Genus β Species
Understand that moving from broader to specific categories increases shared traits
Conclude that Kingdom to Species represents movement toward greater specificity
Students often reverse the relationship between taxonomic level and shared characteristics
E. coli bacteria grew in ΒΉβ΅NHβCl medium for several generations are allowed to grow in ΒΉβ΄NHβCl medium. After 2 generations, the bacteria are isolated from the medium and DNA of bacteria centrifuged in CsCl. The result of the density gradient of DNA is
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No formulas involved
Understand Meselson-Stahl experiment principles
Track nitrogen incorporation through generations
Analyze DNA density after two generations
Students struggle with tracking DNA strands through generations
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DNA replication is semiconservative - one old strand, one new strand
No formulas involved
Understand Meselson-Stahl experiment principles
Track nitrogen incorporation through generations
Analyze DNA density after two generations
Students struggle with tracking DNA strands through generations
Restriction endonucleases are isolated from some bacteria. Their role in bacteria is:
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RE cut site notation: 5'...NβN...3'
Understand bacterial defense mechanisms
Identify role of restriction enzymes
Recognize protection against viral DNA
Confusion with other enzyme functions
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Focus on bacterial immunity systems
RE cut site notation: 5'...NβN...3'
Understand bacterial defense mechanisms
Identify role of restriction enzymes
Recognize protection against viral DNA
Confusion with other enzyme functions
From which bacterium the REN-Sal-I is isolated?
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No formulas involved
Identify source of Sal-I enzyme
Understand naming convention of restriction enzymes
Match enzyme to correct bacterial species
Confusion about RE nomenclature
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Remember RE naming system
No formulas involved
Identify source of Sal-I enzyme
Understand naming convention of restriction enzymes
Match enzyme to correct bacterial species
Confusion about RE nomenclature
In lac-operon concept of gene expression, allolactose acts as
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Lac Operon Regulation Model
Understand operon regulation
Analyze allolactose function
Identify regulatory role
Mixing regulatory molecules
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Consider metabolic control
Lac Operon Regulation Model
Understand operon regulation
Analyze allolactose function
Identify regulatory role
Mixing regulatory molecules
Polymerisation of DNA nucleotides during the synthesis of lagging strand occurs in
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DNA Synthesis: 5'β3' always
Understand DNA synthesis direction
Analyze strand synthesis patterns
Identify lagging strand synthesis
Confusing leading and lagging strands
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Remember DNA polymerase direction
DNA Synthesis: 5'β3' always
Understand DNA synthesis direction
Analyze strand synthesis patterns
Identify lagging strand synthesis
Confusing leading and lagging strands
If E. coli is allowed to grow for 40 minutes in a medium containing NΒΉβ΅, then the number of NΒΉβ΄/NΒΉβ΄ containing DNA would be
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DNA Replication Model
Apply DNA replication knowledge
Track nitrogen isotope incorporation
Calculate resulting DNA types
Misunderstanding isotope incorporation
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Consider semi-conservative replication
DNA Replication Model
Apply DNA replication knowledge
Track nitrogen isotope incorporation
Calculate resulting DNA types
Misunderstanding isotope incorporation
The average length of hnRNA in humans is
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hnRNA β mRNA processing
Understand RNA processing
Compare RNA types
Determine pre-mRNA length
Confusing different RNA types
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Consider splicing process
hnRNA β mRNA processing
Understand RNA processing
Compare RNA types
Determine pre-mRNA length
Confusing different RNA types
Match the number of nucleotides of the genome (1.5386, 2.48502bp, 3.4.6Γ10βΆbp, 4.3.3Γ10βΉbp) with organisms
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Genome Size Comparison Chart
Compare genome sizes
Match with organism complexity
Verify correct combinations
Mixing up genome sizes
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Consider evolutionary complexity
Genome Size Comparison Chart
Compare genome sizes
Match with organism complexity
Verify correct combinations
Mixing up genome sizes
Match DNA replication, Translation, Transcription, Reverse transcription with respective enzymes
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DNA/RNA synthesis
Identify process enzymes
Match with functions
Verify correct pairs
Mixing polymerase types
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Remember key enzymes
DNA/RNA synthesis
Identify process enzymes
Match with functions
Verify correct pairs
Mixing polymerase types
Replacement of which one of the following nucleotides in the HbA gene causes sickle cell anaemia?
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Point Mutation: GAG β GTG
Understand DNA mutation
Analyze hemoglobin gene
Identify specific mutation
Confusing different mutations
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Consider base pair changes
Point Mutation: GAG β GTG
Understand DNA mutation
Analyze hemoglobin gene
Identify specific mutation
Confusing different mutations
Select the correct statement from the following:
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PCR cycle steps diagram
Understand PCR steps
Compare given statements
Verify PCR process
Confusion about PCR steps sequence
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Focus on DNA denaturation
PCR cycle steps diagram
Understand PCR steps
Compare given statements
Verify PCR process
Confusion about PCR steps sequence
In Structural gene, the template DNA strand has nucleotide sequences 3' ATGCATGCATGCATGC 5'. Find the correct and complimentary nucleotide sequence on coding strand.
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No formulas involved
DNA strands are antiparallel and complementary
Base pairing rules: A=T, Gβ‘C
Consider both complementarity and direction
Forgetting antiparallel nature of DNA
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Remember base pairing rules and strand orientation
No formulas involved
DNA strands are antiparallel and complementary
Base pairing rules: A=T, Gβ‘C
Consider both complementarity and direction
Forgetting antiparallel nature of DNA
Identify the 'order' from the following
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Taxonomic Hierarchy: K β P β C β O β F β G β S
Examine taxonomic hierarchy levels - Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Compare each option against standard taxonomic suffixes and classification levels
Identify Carnivora as the only true order-level classification
Confusing other taxonomic levels with orders
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Look for taxonomic suffix patterns and hierarchy level
Taxonomic Hierarchy: K β P β C β O β F β G β S
Examine taxonomic hierarchy levels - Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Compare each option against standard taxonomic suffixes and classification levels
Identify Carnivora as the only true order-level classification
Confusing other taxonomic levels with orders
Which class of Algae reproduces asexually by non-motile spores and sexually by non-motile gametes?
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Algae Classification Chart
Compare reproductive methods of different algae classes
Analyze motility of spores and gametes in each class
Identify Rhodophyceae as matching both criteria
Confusing different algae reproductive methods
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Check both asexual and sexual reproduction patterns
Algae Classification Chart
Compare reproductive methods of different algae classes
Analyze motility of spores and gametes in each class
Identify Rhodophyceae as matching both criteria
Confusing different algae reproductive methods
In which DNA fingerprinting step are labeled VNTR probes used?
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DNA profiling steps
Study fingerprinting steps
Identify probe usage
Match with technique stage
Confusing technique steps
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Consider probe function
DNA profiling steps
Study fingerprinting steps
Identify probe usage
Match with technique stage
Confusing technique steps
Silencing of specific mRNA translation could be achieved through
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RNA silencing mechanism
Understand gene silencing
Compare silencing methods
Identify effective approaches
Missing multiple mechanisms
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Think about RNA targeting
RNA silencing mechanism
Understand gene silencing
Compare silencing methods
Identify effective approaches
Missing multiple mechanisms
When does lac operon in E. coli become "switched on"?
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Operon regulation
Understand operon regulation
Track repressor function
Identify activation trigger
Missing allosteric regulation
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Consider inducer role
Operon regulation
Understand operon regulation
Track repressor function
Identify activation trigger
Missing allosteric regulation
Rapid antigen test and RT-PCR for Covid-19 virus - PCR stands for
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PCR stages
Know PCR full form
Understand PCR technique
Verify correct expansion
Mixing PCR meanings
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Know diagnostic tools
PCR stages
Know PCR full form
Understand PCR technique
Verify correct expansion
Mixing PCR meanings
The correct sequence of the taxonomic hierarchy is
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No formulas involved
Taxonomic hierarchy arranges organisms into successive levels from most specific to most general
Each level represents a more inclusive grouping than the previous
The sequence follows: Species (basic unit) β Genus β Family β Order β Class β Phylum β Kingdom (most inclusive)
Mixing up Order/Class positions; Forgetting Species is basic unit
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Remember: "Some Generous Folks Order Class Pizza King"
No formulas involved
Taxonomic hierarchy arranges organisms into successive levels from most specific to most general
Each level represents a more inclusive grouping than the previous
The sequence follows: Species (basic unit) β Genus β Family β Order β Class β Phylum β Kingdom (most inclusive)
Mixing up Order/Class positions; Forgetting Species is basic unit
DNA present in nucleus was named as 'Nuclein' by
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No formulas involved
Research historical discovery
Identify first isolation
Confirm naming origin
Confusing with DNA structure discovery
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Think about early research
No formulas involved
Research historical discovery
Identify first isolation
Confirm naming origin
Confusing with DNA structure discovery
Which mRNA sequences are required for translation but not translated?
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mRNA structure
Understand mRNA structure
Identify untranslated regions
Verify functional elements
Confusing coding/non-coding regions
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Think about regulatory regions
mRNA structure
Understand mRNA structure
Identify untranslated regions
Verify functional elements
Confusing coding/non-coding regions
Find nucleotide sequence of mRNA coding for Met-Leu-Val-Arg-Ala
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RNA codons
Use genetic code table
Match amino acids to codons
Verify sequence direction
Mixing up codon assignments
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Start with AUG
RNA codons
Use genetic code table
Match amino acids to codons
Verify sequence direction
Mixing up codon assignments
The codon on mRNA are CAU-CCU-AAA-CUG. Identify correct amino acid sequence
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Codon table
Use genetic code table
Translate each codon
Sequence amino acids
Reading wrong direction
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Follow 5' to 3' direction
Codon table
Use genetic code table
Translate each codon
Sequence amino acids
Reading wrong direction
Which of the following Nitrogen bases is found only in DNA?
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DNA: A-T, G-C; RNA: A-U, G-C
Compare DNA and RNA bases
Thymine is exclusive to DNA
RNA has uracil instead of thymine
Not distinguishing DNA/RNA components
π’ Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Think about DNA vs RNA differences
DNA: A-T, G-C; RNA: A-U, G-C
Compare DNA and RNA bases
Thymine is exclusive to DNA
RNA has uracil instead of thymine
Not distinguishing DNA/RNA components
Cells in the quiescent stage (G0)
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G0 = Non-dividing but metabolically active state
Understand cell cycle stages
G0 is a specialized non-dividing state
Cells maintain basic cellular functions but don't divide
Confusing G0 with cell death or complete inactivity
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Consider metabolic state vs. proliferation state
G0 = Non-dividing but metabolically active state
Understand cell cycle stages
G0 is a specialized non-dividing state
Cells maintain basic cellular functions but don't divide
Confusing G0 with cell death or complete inactivity
A student while extracting DNA from aspergillus fungus requires _____ enzyme to break open the cell wall
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Chitin + Chitinase β N-acetylglucosamine
Identify the main component of fungal cell walls
Fungal cell walls primarily contain chitin
Chitinase specifically breaks down chitin
Not knowing cell wall composition differences
π’ Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Match the enzyme to the substrate
Chitin + Chitinase β N-acetylglucosamine
Identify the main component of fungal cell walls
Fungal cell walls primarily contain chitin
Chitinase specifically breaks down chitin
Not knowing cell wall composition differences
Which of the following protozoan parasites causes sleeping sickness?
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No formulas involved
Different protozoan parasites cause specific diseases
Trypanosoma is transmitted by tsetse fly in Africa
Trypanosoma causes African sleeping sickness affecting the nervous system
Confusing different protozoan diseases and their causative organisms
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Consider the geographic distribution and vector of transmission
No formulas involved
Different protozoan parasites cause specific diseases
Trypanosoma is transmitted by tsetse fly in Africa
Trypanosoma causes African sleeping sickness affecting the nervous system
Confusing different protozoan diseases and their causative organisms
In a crime investigation, the investigating officer collects different biological samples from the crime spot for DNA finger-Printing Analysis. Which of the following samples is not helpful in this analysis?
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No formulas involved
DNA fingerprinting requires nucleated cells containing DNA
Mature erythrocytes (RBCs) lack nucleus and therefore DNA
Other options contain nucleated cells suitable for DNA analysis
Not realizing mature RBCs lack nuclei
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Look for cells that lack nuclear DNA
No formulas involved
DNA fingerprinting requires nucleated cells containing DNA
Mature erythrocytes (RBCs) lack nucleus and therefore DNA
Other options contain nucleated cells suitable for DNA analysis
Not realizing mature RBCs lack nuclei
A mature mRNA consists of 900 bases without any stop codon in between. Calculate the number of amino acids coded by this mRNA during transition.
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Number of amino acids = (Total bases Γ· 3) - 1
Each amino acid is coded by three consecutive bases (codon)
Total number of codons = Total bases Γ· 3
900 Γ· 3 = 300, but subtract 1 for stop codon = 299 amino acids
Forgetting to account for stop codon
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Remember genetic code is triplet and account for stop codon
Number of amino acids = (Total bases Γ· 3) - 1
Each amino acid is coded by three consecutive bases (codon)
Total number of codons = Total bases Γ· 3
900 Γ· 3 = 300, but subtract 1 for stop codon = 299 amino acids
Forgetting to account for stop codon
According to Human Genome project (HGP), the total number of genes in human genome is estimated at 30,000, the number of genes present on Y-chromosome are
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Total genes = 30,000; Y chromosome = 231 genes
The Human Genome Project mapped all chromosomes including the Y chromosome
The Y chromosome is one of the smallest chromosomes with limited genes
Research confirmed 231 genes on the Y chromosome
Confusing Y chromosome gene count with other chromosomes
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Remember Y chromosome has fewer genes than other chromosomes
Total genes = 30,000; Y chromosome = 231 genes
The Human Genome Project mapped all chromosomes including the Y chromosome
The Y chromosome is one of the smallest chromosomes with limited genes
Research confirmed 231 genes on the Y chromosome
Confusing Y chromosome gene count with other chromosomes
In prokaryotes, the transcription of DNA is initiated with the help of
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RNA Polymerase + Ο factor β Initiation Complex
Transcription in prokaryotes requires specific factors for initiation, elongation, and termination
The sigma factor (Ο) is essential for recognition of promoter sequences and initiation
Sigma factor helps RNA polymerase bind to the promoter region to start transcription
Confusing different transcription factors and their roles
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Consider the role of different factors in transcription stages
RNA Polymerase + Ο factor β Initiation Complex
Transcription in prokaryotes requires specific factors for initiation, elongation, and termination
The sigma factor (Ο) is essential for recognition of promoter sequences and initiation
Sigma factor helps RNA polymerase bind to the promoter region to start transcription
Confusing different transcription factors and their roles
Which of the following amino acids is coded by Single Codon?
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UGG β Tryptophan
The genetic code contains 64 possible codons that code for 20 amino acids and stop codons
Most amino acids are coded by multiple codons due to the degeneracy of the genetic code
Tryptophan (UGG) and Methionine (AUG) are the only amino acids coded by single codons
Students often confuse methionine with tryptophan or assume all amino acids have multiple codons
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Look for amino acids with unique codon assignments in the genetic code
UGG β Tryptophan
The genetic code contains 64 possible codons that code for 20 amino acids and stop codons
Most amino acids are coded by multiple codons due to the degeneracy of the genetic code
Tryptophan (UGG) and Methionine (AUG) are the only amino acids coded by single codons
Students often confuse methionine with tryptophan or assume all amino acids have multiple codons
In RNA interference, the dsRNA molecule prevents
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RNAi: dsRNA β siRNA β mRNA degradation
Understand RNAi mechanism
Identify target process
Recognize translation blocking
Mixing RNA processes
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Focus on gene silencing
RNAi: dsRNA β siRNA β mRNA degradation
Understand RNAi mechanism
Identify target process
Recognize translation blocking
Mixing RNA processes
The number of codons effective in coding twenty amino acids
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64 total codons - 3 stop codons = 61 coding codons
Understand genetic code
Calculate total possible codons
Subtract stop codons
Confusing total codons with coding codons
π’ Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Remember degenerate code principle
64 total codons - 3 stop codons = 61 coding codons
Understand genetic code
Calculate total possible codons
Subtract stop codons
Confusing total codons with coding codons
From the given combinations of steps in PCR, identify the enzyme depended steps
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PCR steps: Denaturation(95Β°C) β Annealing(54Β°C) β Extension(72Β°C)
Understand PCR steps
Identify DNA polymerase role
Recognize temperature dependence
Mixing PCR steps
π’ Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Focus on enzymatic steps
PCR steps: Denaturation(95Β°C) β Annealing(54Β°C) β Extension(72Β°C)
Understand PCR steps
Identify DNA polymerase role
Recognize temperature dependence
Mixing PCR steps
For the given sequence of DNA, identify the complementary sequences of base on its mRNA - DNA 3'-ATGCATGCATGC-5'
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Transcription: AβU, TβA, GβC, CβG
Write complementary RNA sequence
Apply base pairing rules
Consider RNA directionality
Mixing DNA/RNA direction
π’ Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Focus on transcription rules
Transcription: AβU, TβA, GβC, CβG
Write complementary RNA sequence
Apply base pairing rules
Consider RNA directionality
Mixing DNA/RNA direction
Which of the following types of RNA carries amino acids towards ribosome during translation?
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Translation: tRNA carries amino acids via anticodon
Understand RNA types and functions
Identify tRNA's role in translation
Recognize amino acid transfer function
Confusing RNA functions
π’ Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Focus on translation process
Translation: tRNA carries amino acids via anticodon
Understand RNA types and functions
Identify tRNA's role in translation
Recognize amino acid transfer function
Confusing RNA functions
The length of DNA helix in a typical nucleosome is
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Nucleosome: 146 bp + linker DNA β 200 bp
Understand nucleosome structure
Know DNA wrapping around histone core
Calculate base pairs per wrap
Mixing DNA packaging levels
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Remember basic unit size
Nucleosome: 146 bp + linker DNA β 200 bp
Understand nucleosome structure
Know DNA wrapping around histone core
Calculate base pairs per wrap
Mixing DNA packaging levels
Suppose DNA samples collected for DNA fingerprinting analysis are less than the required quantity. Which of the following techniques is helpful to make the samples sufficient for above analysis?
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PCR: DNAβDenaturationβAnnealingβExtension
Understand PCR process and its ability to amplify DNA
Recognize that PCR creates multiple copies of target DNA sequence
Verify PCR is only technique that increases DNA quantity
Confusing analysis with amplification
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Focus on DNA amplification methods
PCR: DNAβDenaturationβAnnealingβExtension
Understand PCR process and its ability to amplify DNA
Recognize that PCR creates multiple copies of target DNA sequence
Verify PCR is only technique that increases DNA quantity
Confusing analysis with amplification
In eukaryotes, the entire base sequence of a gene do not appear in mature RNA because
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RNA processing: Pre-mRNAβSplicingβMature mRNA
Understand RNA processing
Identify splicing mechanism
Recognize intron removal
Mixing RNA processing steps
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Focus on RNA maturation
RNA processing: Pre-mRNAβSplicingβMature mRNA
Understand RNA processing
Identify splicing mechanism
Recognize intron removal
Mixing RNA processing steps
During an excavation of soil, Pollen fossils were retrieved from deepest remained as fossils because
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Pollen wall: Exine (sporopollenin) + Intine (pectin)
Understand pollen wall structure
Identify sporopollenin in exine
Recognize its resistance to degradation
Mixing pollen wall layers
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Focus on pollen preservation
Pollen wall: Exine (sporopollenin) + Intine (pectin)
Understand pollen wall structure
Identify sporopollenin in exine
Recognize its resistance to degradation
Mixing pollen wall layers
Identify the given in meiosis mediated by the enzyme recombinase
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Meiosis I: Crossing over = DNA exchange mediated by recombinase
Identify the role of recombinase enzyme in meiosis
Understand that recombinase facilitates DNA exchange between homologous chromosomes
Recognize this process as crossing over occurring in prophase I
Confusing different meiotic events
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Connect enzyme function to genetic recombination
Meiosis I: Crossing over = DNA exchange mediated by recombinase
Identify the role of recombinase enzyme in meiosis
Understand that recombinase facilitates DNA exchange between homologous chromosomes
Recognize this process as crossing over occurring in prophase I
Confusing different meiotic events
Silencing of a gene could be achieved through
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Gene silencing
Know gene silencing methods
Understand RNAi and antisense RNA
Verify both methods work
Limited silencing knowledge
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Know gene regulation
Gene silencing
Know gene silencing methods
Understand RNAi and antisense RNA
Verify both methods work
Limited silencing knowledge
Taq polymerase used in PCR is obtained from
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PCR conditions
Know PCR components
Understand need for heat-stable enzyme
Verify source organism
Confusing bacterial sources
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Know molecular tools
PCR conditions
Know PCR components
Understand need for heat-stable enzyme
Verify source organism
Confusing bacterial sources
If the sequence of nucleotides in a template strand of DNA is 3' ATGCTTCCGAAT 5', write the sequence in the corresponding region of transcribed mRNA
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DNAβRNA transcription
Identify template strand direction
Apply complementary base pairing with RNA rules (U instead of T)
Write mRNA sequence in 5' to 3' direction
Confusing DNA/RNA directions
π’ Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Remember transcription rules
DNAβRNA transcription
Identify template strand direction
Apply complementary base pairing with RNA rules (U instead of T)
Write mRNA sequence in 5' to 3' direction
Confusing DNA/RNA directions
Experiments involving radioactive thymidine to detect DNA distribution was performed on which plant?
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No formulas involved
Know DNA synthesis experiments
Identify correct experimental plant
Verify historical accuracy
Confusing experimental organisms
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Know DNA research
No formulas involved
Know DNA synthesis experiments
Identify correct experimental plant
Verify historical accuracy
Confusing experimental organisms
E.coli fully labelled with 15N is allowed to grow in 14N medium. First generation DNA strands have
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DNA replication
Understand DNA replication
Know semiconservative model
Analyze density changes
Misunderstanding replication
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Know DNA experiments
DNA replication
Understand DNA replication
Know semiconservative model
Analyze density changes
Misunderstanding replication
In which region of t-RNA molecule is amino acid binding site located?
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tRNA structure
Know tRNA structure
Identify amino acid attachment site
Verify 3' end location
Confusing tRNA ends
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Know protein synthesis
tRNA structure
Know tRNA structure
Identify amino acid attachment site
Verify 3' end location
Confusing tRNA ends
Match scientists with their contributions
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No formulas involved
Know scientific discoveries
Match scientists with work
Verify correct combinations
Confusing discoveries
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Know genetics history
No formulas involved
Know scientific discoveries
Match scientists with work
Verify correct combinations
Confusing discoveries
The correct sequence of events in prophase I is
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No formulas involved
Know meiotic prophase I events
Understand sequence: pairs form (synapsis), genetic exchange (crossing over), chiasma form, chromosomes separate
Verify chronological order
Confusing order of meiotic events
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Remember meiotic stages
No formulas involved
Know meiotic prophase I events
Understand sequence: pairs form (synapsis), genetic exchange (crossing over), chiasma form, chromosomes separate
Verify chronological order
Confusing order of meiotic events
The plant body having holdfast, stipe and frond is a characteristic of
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No formulas involved
Understand algal morphology
Identify characteristics of each genus
Laminaria shows these specific features
Confusion between algal structures
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Know algal structures
No formulas involved
Understand algal morphology
Identify characteristics of each genus
Laminaria shows these specific features
Confusion between algal structures
Identify the odd one out
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No formulas involved
Identify characteristics of each genus
Ustilago is a smut fungus, others are different types
Ustilago differs in being obligate parasite
Mixing up fungal classifications
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Compare fungal characteristics
No formulas involved
Identify characteristics of each genus
Ustilago is a smut fungus, others are different types
Ustilago differs in being obligate parasite
Mixing up fungal classifications
Phycoerythrin and Floridean starch is found in
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Algal classification
Study algal pigments
Compare storage compounds
Match algae-characteristics
Algal group confusion
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Remember unique features
Algal classification
Study algal pigments
Compare storage compounds
Match algae-characteristics
Algal group confusion
Binomial nomenclature is introduced by
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Nomenclature rules
Study taxonomy history
Know naming system origin
Identify system founder
Historical figure confusion
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Remember scientific naming
Nomenclature rules
Study taxonomy history
Know naming system origin
Identify system founder
Historical figure confusion
Maintenance of constant internal environment is called as
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Feedback mechanisms
Understand internal balance
Study regulatory mechanisms
Identify broad concept
Specific vs general regulation
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Think about overall stability
Feedback mechanisms
Understand internal balance
Study regulatory mechanisms
Identify broad concept
Specific vs general regulation
Silencing of specific mRNA in RNAi is by
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RNAi mechanism
Study RNA interference
Understand silencing mechanism
Identify active molecule
RNA type confusion
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Focus on RNA types
RNAi mechanism
Study RNA interference
Understand silencing mechanism
Identify active molecule
RNA type confusion
What does the sample of given base sequence represent? 5' - GAATTC - 3' 3' - CTTAAG - 5'
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DNA sequence patterns
Study DNA sequences
Check reverse complement
Identify sequence pattern
Sequence pattern confusion
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Look for mirror images
DNA sequence patterns
Study DNA sequences
Check reverse complement
Identify sequence pattern
Sequence pattern confusion
Gel electrophoresis is used for
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Size separation principle
Understand separation principle
Study electrical mobility
Relate size to movement
Process confusion
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Think about molecular sieving
Size separation principle
Understand separation principle
Study electrical mobility
Relate size to movement
Process confusion
A series of experiments were conducted by Frederick Griffith in 1928, on transforming principle with
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Genetic transformation
Study transformation discovery
Understand bacterial genetics
Identify experimental organism
Bacterial species confusion
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Think about historical context
Genetic transformation
Study transformation discovery
Understand bacterial genetics
Identify experimental organism
Bacterial species confusion
DNA replicates semiconservatively was first shown in
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DNA replication
Study Meselson-Stahl experiment
Understand experimental proof
Identify model organism
Experimental design confusion
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Remember historical experiment
DNA replication
Study Meselson-Stahl experiment
Understand experimental proof
Identify model organism
Experimental design confusion
Which aspect forms the basis of DNA fingerprinting?
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VNTR analysis
Understand DNA polymorphisms
Study satellite DNA characteristics
Identify variable number tandem repeats
Confusing with actual fingerprints
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Think about unique DNA patterns
VNTR analysis
Understand DNA polymorphisms
Study satellite DNA characteristics
Identify variable number tandem repeats
Confusing with actual fingerprints
The complex formed by a pair of synapsed homologous chromosomes is called
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Meiosis phase diagram
Understand meiotic terms
Define chromosome pairing
Identify correct terminology
Confusion between different chromosome arrangements
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Consider meiosis stages
Meiosis phase diagram
Understand meiotic terms
Define chromosome pairing
Identify correct terminology
Confusion between different chromosome arrangements
Identify the floral formula of plant belonging to potato family
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Floral diagram interpretation
Understand floral formula notation
Identify Solanaceae characteristics
Match correct formula
Confusion about floral formula symbols
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Consider flower symmetry
Floral diagram interpretation
Understand floral formula notation
Identify Solanaceae characteristics
Match correct formula
Confusion about floral formula symbols
Match the column-I with Column-II and choose the correct option from the following: Column-I (Plant groups): 1. Bryophyte 2. Gymnosperm 3. Algae 4. Pteridophyte Column-II (Examples): p. Pinus q. Adiantum r. Sphagnum s. Ectocarpus
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Plant classification hierarchy
Identify plant group characteristics
Match with representative examples
Verify evolutionary relationships
Confusion between plant groups
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Consider plant evolution sequence
Plant classification hierarchy
Identify plant group characteristics
Match with representative examples
Verify evolutionary relationships
Confusion between plant groups
During transcription the DNA strand with 3' β 5' polarity of the structural gene always acts as a template because
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DNA transcription mechanism
Understand DNA polarity
Analyze enzyme directionality
Match correct mechanism
Confusion about DNA strand polarity
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Consider enzyme mechanics
DNA transcription mechanism
Understand DNA polarity
Analyze enzyme directionality
Match correct mechanism
Confusion about DNA strand polarity
PCR is used for
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PCR cycle steps: Denaturation, Annealing, Extension
Understand PCR purpose
Compare DNA manipulation techniques
Identify correct application
Confusion between different DNA techniques
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Think about DNA copying
PCR cycle steps: Denaturation, Annealing, Extension
Understand PCR purpose
Compare DNA manipulation techniques
Identify correct application
Confusion between different DNA techniques
The Lac-Operon model was elucidated by
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Lac operon regulation diagram
Identify scientists' contributions
Match scientists to discoveries
Verify correct pair
Confusion between different molecular biology pioneers
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Research historical context
Lac operon regulation diagram
Identify scientists' contributions
Match scientists to discoveries
Verify correct pair
Confusion between different molecular biology pioneers
Eukaryotic genes are monocistronic but they are split genes because
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Gene structure diagram
Understand gene structure
Define split genes
Identify correct arrangement
Confusion between introns and exons
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Focus on exon-intron organization
Gene structure diagram
Understand gene structure
Define split genes
Identify correct arrangement
Confusion between introns and exons
Histone proteins are positively charged because they are rich in basic amino acid residues
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Amino acid properties chart
Identify basic amino acids
Understand protein charge properties
Match correct amino acid combination
Confusion between basic and aromatic amino acids
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Look for basic side chains
Amino acid properties chart
Identify basic amino acids
Understand protein charge properties
Match correct amino acid combination
Confusion between basic and aromatic amino acids
Which of these enzymes is required to cleave a plasmid?
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No formulas involved
Endonucleases cut DNA at specific internal sequences
This creates precise cuts needed for gene insertion
Other enzymes have different roles in DNA manipulation
Confusing different DNA-modifying enzymes; mixing up cutting and joining functions
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Think about the meaning of "endo" (internal) versus "exo" (external)
No formulas involved
Endonucleases cut DNA at specific internal sequences
This creates precise cuts needed for gene insertion
Other enzymes have different roles in DNA manipulation
Confusing different DNA-modifying enzymes; mixing up cutting and joining functions
The enzyme Recombinase is required at which stage of Meiosis I?
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No formulas involved
Recombinase facilitates crossing over between homologous chromosomes
This process occurs during pachytene stage of prophase I
It's crucial for genetic recombination and diversity
Mixing up stages of prophase I
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Consider when DNA exchange happens in meiosis
No formulas involved
Recombinase facilitates crossing over between homologous chromosomes
This process occurs during pachytene stage of prophase I
It's crucial for genetic recombination and diversity
Mixing up stages of prophase I
The mRNA has Untranslated Regions (UTRs)
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No formulas involved
mRNA structure includes regions that don't code for proteins
5' UTR precedes the start codon (AUG)
3' UTR follows the stop codon
Thinking entire mRNA sequence codes for protein
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Think about regulatory regions in mRNA structure
No formulas involved
mRNA structure includes regions that don't code for proteins
5' UTR precedes the start codon (AUG)
3' UTR follows the stop codon
Thinking entire mRNA sequence codes for protein
Following representations P, Q and R denote few steps of Griffith Experiment. Identify the correct one(s) P. R strain β Inject into mice β Mice die Q. S strain (Heat killed) β Inject into mice β Mice die R. R strain β Inject into mice β Mice live
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No formulas involved
R strain refers to rough, non-virulent bacteria
Heat-killed S strain (smooth, virulent) cannot cause death
Live R strain is non-pathogenic and mice survive
Mixing up R and S strain characteristics
π’ Uh oh! Incorrect answer, Try again
Focus on virulence characteristics of different bacterial strains
No formulas involved
R strain refers to rough, non-virulent bacteria
Heat-killed S strain (smooth, virulent) cannot cause death
Live R strain is non-pathogenic and mice survive
Mixing up R and S strain characteristics
DNA polymerase of Thermus aquaticus is
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No formulas involved
Thermus aquaticus is a thermophilic bacteria living in hot springs
Its DNA polymerase must function at high temperatures during PCR cycles
The enzyme maintains activity at 95Β°C during DNA denaturation steps
Confusing different types of enzyme stability
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Consider the habitat of the source organism and PCR requirements
No formulas involved
Thermus aquaticus is a thermophilic bacteria living in hot springs
Its DNA polymerase must function at high temperatures during PCR cycles
The enzyme maintains activity at 95Β°C during DNA denaturation steps
Confusing different types of enzyme stability
In tRNA the region that binds with mRNA is
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No formulas involved
tRNA has multiple functional regions with specific roles
The anticodon loop contains three nucleotides complementary to mRNA codon
This complementary base pairing enables correct amino acid positioning
Confusing different functional regions of tRNA
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Remember tRNA's role in converting genetic code to protein sequence
No formulas involved
tRNA has multiple functional regions with specific roles
The anticodon loop contains three nucleotides complementary to mRNA codon
This complementary base pairing enables correct amino acid positioning
Confusing different functional regions of tRNA
Homeostasis is a condition where the organisms
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No formulas involved
Homeostasis is a fundamental property of living systems that maintains stability
Internal conditions must remain relatively constant for proper cellular function
External changes are buffered by homeostatic mechanisms to maintain internal stability
Thinking homeostasis means changing with environment
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Look for the option that captures both internal stability and external variability
No formulas involved
Homeostasis is a fundamental property of living systems that maintains stability
Internal conditions must remain relatively constant for proper cellular function
External changes are buffered by homeostatic mechanisms to maintain internal stability
Thinking homeostasis means changing with environment